Category Archives: Uncategorized

JVP waveform The Jugular Venous Pressure WaveformThe jugular venous pulsation has a biphasic waveform. -The ” a ” wave corresponds to right Atrial contraction and ends synchronously with the carotid artery pulse. The peak of the ‘a’ wave demarcates the … Continue reading →

long QT causes: – hypokalemia,  hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, -med: antipsychotics, antidepressants(TCA, SSRI),  anti-histamin (terfenadine/Seldane), antiarrythmics(class 1a and 3), antibiotics( Erythromycin), antifungals, diabetic meds, choleterol control meds,   shorten QT: -Hypercalcaemia, hypermagnesaemia, – digoxin, or thyrotoxicosis

-21 trisomy , – flat face, slanting eyes, epicanthic fold, small ear, simian creases, short stubby fingers, learning difficulties, hypotonia, – congenital heart diseases: 50% – An atrioventricular septal defect (endocardial cushion defect) is the most common form (40% ) … Continue reading →

1 hypertriglyceridaemia: eruptive xanthoma(skin), rentinal vein thrombsis 2 hypercholesteralaemia: tendon xanthoma(Axilles tendon, finger tendons), 3 Remnant hyperlipidaemia: increased triglyceride and LDL, low HDL, tuberous xathoma(elbow, knee) ,palmar crease xanthoma(diagnostic)

-Features suggestive of a worse prognosis are: Acute endocarditis (Staphylococcus aureus) Heart failure Intravenous drug abuse (often left and right sided disease) Prosthetic valve infection Infection of the aortic rather than mitral valve Associated rhythm disturbance. -Subacute bacterial endocarditis (Streptococcus … Continue reading →

Eruptive xanthoma occur in a number of types of hypertriglyceridaemia and also in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

– The R valve leaflets are attached to the walls and septum of the right ventricle. There is subsequent ‘atrialization’ of a portion of the morphologic right ventricle (which is then contiguous with the right atrium). This causes the right … Continue reading →

sudden death risks: syncope, BP drop on exercise, max left ventricle thickness > 3cm, (40% of this group died) noted ventricular arrythmia on HOLTER, family hx of sudden death,

potassium falls below 3 mmol/l, the ECG often demonstrates Flattening of the T waves ST depression QT prolongation Prominent U waves. Patients are at increased risk of ventricular ectopics, torsades de pointes and ventricular tachycardia. Other constitutional symptoms associated with … Continue reading →